DISORDERS OF SPEECH TEMPO-RHYTHMIC ORGANIZATION: STUTTERING, TACHYLALIA, AND BRADYLALIA

Abstract

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of convulsive and non-convulsive speech tempo-rhythmic disorders, particularly stuttering, tachylalia, and bradylalia, in the context of contemporary speech and language pathology research. The relevance of the topic is determined by the increasing number of children with speech tempo-rhythmic disorders. The aim of the study is to conduct a theoretical analysis of these disorders, determine their place within modern clinical-pedagogical and psychological-pedagogical classifications, and provide a detailed characterization of the mechanisms and causes underlying their occurrence. The study elucidates the differentiation between convulsive and non-convulsive speech tempo-rhythmic disorders. Stuttering is presented as a convulsive disorder affecting the tempo, rhythm, and fluency of speech. In contrast, non-convulsive disorders (tachylalia and bradylalia) are characterized by a pathologically accelerated or slowed speech rate. The mechanisms of these disorders are associated with an imbalance between excitation and inhibition processes in the central nervous system: tachylalia is characterized by the predominance of excitation, whereas bradylalia is associated with the predominance of inhibition, manifested through speech inertia and monotony. The differential characteristics of stuttering, tachylalia, and bradylalia are systematized according to the criteria of disorder course, speech manifestations, and features of cerebral organization. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the generalization of contemporary scientific knowledge and the systematization of the differential characteristics of speech temporhythmic disorders, which makes it possible to clearly distinguish between convulsive and non-convulsive forms. The practical significance of the findings consists in their potential application for improving diagnostic procedures, differential diagnosis, and the development of corrective and developmental interventions for individuals with disorders of speech tempo-rhythmic organization.